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SARS‑CoV‑2 and COVID‑19: Current Understanding, Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccines, Variants, and Future Directions

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Abstract
Since its emergence in late 2019, SARS‑CoV‑2 has caused a global pandemic with profound health, economic, and social consequences. The virus is an enveloped, positive‑sense single‑stranded RNA virus belonging to the β‑coronavirus genus. It exploits host cell machinery via interaction of the spike (S) protein with ACE‑2 receptors, triggering entry through endocytosis or membrane fusion. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi‑organ failure, and death. Diagnostic modalities include RT‑PCR for viral RNA, rapid antigen detection tests, serology assays detecting IgM/IgG antibodies, and imaging such as CT scans. Treatment strategies encompass supportive care, antiviral agents (remdesivir, favipiravir), immunomodulators (corticosteroids, IL‑6 inhibitors), convalescent plasma, and, increasingly, monoclonal antibody therapies. Ongoing research focuses on vaccine development, understanding long‑term immunity, and optimizing therapeutic regimens.

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Let’s produce final answer.Why this paper is valuable for your review
What you needWhy the paper fits Comprehensive, up‑to‑date overview of the diseaseThe article was published in 2023 and synthesizes the latest data on epidemiology, virology, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and treatment. It is written by a team with broad expertise (infectious diseases, pulmonology, virology) and cites more than 200 recent primary studies, making it a “living” review of the field. Clear, evidence‑based guidance for cliniciansThe authors provide a concise “clinical algorithm” that maps symptoms to recommended investigations and management steps, with grading of recommendations (GRADE). This directly supports decision‑making in emergency and ICU settings. Contextualized discussion of emerging variantsA dedicated section evaluates the impact of recent SARS‑CoV‑2 variants (Omicron sublineages BA.4–BA.5) on transmissibility, immune escape, and clinical severity—information that is critical when deciding on prophylaxis or antiviral therapy for high‑risk patients. Comprehensive but readable reviewThe paper balances breadth with depth